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On October 15, 1984, Associated Press reported that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had written a manual for the Nicaraguan Contras, who were involved in a civil war with the Nicaraguan government, entitled Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare ('). The ninety-page book of instructions focused mainly on how "Armed Propaganda Teams" could build political support in Nicaragua for the Contra cause through deceit, intimidation, and violence. The manual also discussed assassinations.〔 Footnote 105〕 The CIA claimed that the purpose of the manual was to "moderate" the extreme violence already being used by the Contras.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 work =middlebury.edu )〕 ==Political reaction== A Reagan administration official stated privately that the manual had been written by an "overzealous" independent low-level employee under contract to the CIA. Further, the manual had not been cleared for publication, was "clearly against the law,"〔 〕 and that it violated Reagan’s 1981 Executive Order banning political assassinations. On October 18, 1984, President Ronald Reagan ordered CIA Director William Casey to initiate an investigation by the agency's Inspector General. Reagan stated that "whoever is guilty (preparing the manual ), we will deal with that situation and they will be removed."〔 In a news conference the day after his reelection victory, Reagan dismissed the entire controversy as "much ado about nothing."〔 The next month a White House spokesman said Reagan had approved the Inspector General's report recommending discipline of several mid-level officials. Five mid-level CIA employees received punishments ranging from written reprimands to suspension without pay for "poor judgment and lapses in oversight" because of the manual. In 1987 it was found that Casey blocked any punishment of the two senior CIA officials involved with producing and distributing the manual, including one, Duane Clarridge, who after initially denying that he had anything to do with the manual, admitted he was "fully responsible" for the document. In closed testimony to a congressional committee, Casey reportedly declared, "There’s no reason to discipline them for one little slip-up."〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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